Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of lupus nephritis is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Family history and environmental triggers such as infections or exposure to certain chemicals may play a role. Women are more likely than men to develop lupus, with about 90 percent of cases occurring in women.

Symptoms of Lupus Nephritis

Symptoms of lupus nephritis can vary but may include:

• Blood in the urine (hematuria)
• Protein in the urine (proteinuria), causing foamy urine
• Edema, or swelling in the legs, ankles, or around the eyes
• Weight gain due to fluid retention
• High blood pressure
• Fatigue
• Joint pain
• Rash

Diagnosis

Diagnosing lupus nephritis involves a physical examination, medical history review, and various tests, including urine tests to check for protein and blood, blood tests to assess protein and cholesterol levels, and kidney biopsy to examine kidney tissue under a microscope. Imaging tests such as ultrasound or CT scans may also be used to assess kidney function.

Treatment Options

Treatment for lupus nephritis aims to control symptoms and prevent further kidney damage. It typically involves a combination of medications, including:

• Corticosteroids to suppress the immune system
• Immunosuppressive drugs to reduce immune system activity
• Monoclonal antibodies to target specific substances in the body
• ACE inhibitors and ARBs to reduce protein loss in urine and control blood pressure
• Diuretics to help eliminate excess fluid and swelling

Managing Lupus Nephritis

Managing lupus nephritis also involves lifestyle changes, such as reducing salt and protein intake, to help control blood pressure and lighten the load on the kidneys. Regular follow-up visits with healthcare providers are essential to monitor kidney function and adjust treatment as needed. In some cases, dietary changes and exercise may also be recommended to improve overall health and well-being.

Long-Term Outlook

With proper treatment and management, most patients with lupus nephritis can lead healthy lives. Long-term drug therapy may be necessary, and periodic checkups are important even when symptoms are minimal. In cases where the kidneys fail, treatment options such as dialysis or kidney transplantation are available, with lupus patients generally having outcomes similar to those with other types of kidney disease. Early diagnosis and treatment are key to managing lupus nephritis and reducing the risk of complications.